Disaster Management: Approaches & Strategies

wow.......I got a project to do & i dont know how to do it!!!

INTRODUCTION.....
DISASTER-


Disasters are reported of varying intensity and occurrence ranging from less frequent like earthquake, volcanic eruption to more frequent like floods, drought, cyclones, landslides besides industrial and epidemics. There has been an overall increase largely due to changes in sinks of heat resulting from the overall warming in the tropics and cooling in the polar regions. While dealing with the disasters, one of the key element one talks about is the mitigation strategy. This means taking action to reduce the impact of disasters that can be taken prior to its occurrence. This includes preparedness and short-long term risk reduction measures.

ROLE OF COOMUNI CATION
Communications provide the critical path for relief in emergency and disaster situations.
Communications connect and help move logistical, rescue and first responder resources in any region of
the world facing or recovering from natural or man-made disasters.
Deploying wireless communications is typically among the first priorities in any emergency response,
rescue, or relief situation. However, terrestrial wireless equipment (cellular phones or land mobile radios)
is only useful when communications towers and other fixed equipment are in place to connect wireless
equipment to the local and global communications backbone. In the majority of emergency situations, this
infrastructure has either been destroyed by the disaster (e.g. New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina) or was
not available before the disaster (e.g. the earthquake in Pakistan). This reality makes it critical for local
government and emergency workers to have access to a wireless communications network that is not
dependant on terrestrial infrastructure.


RADIO...
In disater Effected communities the Radio stations are the primary public information service, bringing information on for example in a huricane situation on the storms progress, when to seek shelter, and when it is safe to move around outside once agian. They will also provide information on the severity of the disaster and any recomended actions the authorites have set for the population.

Basically Radio is the cheif source of communicating with the community in a disater situation.
Ameature radio..----
A ham radio operator can carry on experiments with various communication equipment and systems going deeper into the science of electronics (Learning by Doing) and at the same time provide great service to the people in general worldwide by way of organizing on-the-air emergency medical traffic, establishing emergency communication network during natural calamities like flood, cyclone, storm, earthquake or any other disaster. Amateur Radio stations act as the 'SECOND LINE' of communication when existing public or government communication links fail to act.

life-saving facet of amateur radio was demonstrated in India with valuable public service activities during a Post & Telegraph Strike in 1960, when radio amateurs passed important messages for the public.
.
You might recollect the earthquakes in Uttar-Kashi and more recently at Latur in Maharashtra and adjoining areas where ham radio operators provided the essential communication network for coordinating and organising relief operations, arranging medicines, food and clothing for the affected people. Ham Radio has reestablished its importance during the recent Orissa disaster (the devastating cyclone), when all the communication facilities broke down. A ham radio station set up at the Orissa Chief Minister's residence maintained contact with the nation's capital for nearly a month. Amateur radio stations also come into action during the major sports event like the ASIAD, the HIMALAYAN CAR RALLY to assist the sports officials as well as the rally operators. The Himalayan Expedition teams are getting assistance from the ham radio operators.
Satellite.....-
Satellite communications provide such a solution. Satellites are the only wireless communications
infrastructure that is not susceptible to damage from disasters, because the main repeaters sending and
receiving signals (the satellite spacecraft) are located outside the Earth’s atmosphere.
Users today have two kinds of satellite communications networks available to support emergency
response activities: geostationary satellite systems (GEO) and low Earth orbit satellites (LEO).
Geostationary (GEO) satellites are located 36,000 km above the Earth in a fixed position and provide
service to a country or a region covering up to one third of the globe. They are capable of providing a full
range of communications services, including voice, video and broadband data. .

LEO satellites operate in orbits between 780 km and 1,500 km (depending on the system) and provide
voice and low speed data communications. These satellites can operate with handheld units about the size
of a large cellular phone. As with handheld terminals that rely upon GEO satellites, the highly portable
nature of LEO-based units makes them another valuable satellite solution for first responders in the field.
In order to most effectively utilize the capabilities of these systems, government agencies, relief
organizations and other first responders must define as far in advance as possible what kind of terminals
they will need to have in the field before and after an emergency. This planning requires an
understanding of the different capabilities of the various system types outlined below.

Handheld Mobile satellite...-
Once a disaster has occurred, local infrastructure – including microwave, cellular and other
communications facilities – are often knocked out, either because towers are destroyed, or because of
electrical failures. In the immediate aftermath of such a disaster, there is one reliable form of
communications, which is the use of handheld satellite telephone systems provided by mobile satellite
service providers. These systems provide access through very small, cell-phone-sized devices, as well as
pagers and in-vehicle units, similar to those

Portable mobile satellite
Mobile satellite systems, or terminals used for “communications on the move” include equipment that can
be transported and operated from inside a car, truck or maritime vessel, as well as in helicopters and other
aircraft, including commercial airplanes. This kind of terminal is useful where data-intensive, high-speed
connections are needed on an expedited basis for damage assessment, medical evaluation or other
applications for voice, video and data.

ADVANCE PLANNING IS KEY
As noted above, long-term advance planning for natural disaster mitigation can be supported by the use of
satellite networks connecting seismic and other environmental sensors to local or national government
agencies. Likewise, fully redundant communications networks supported by backup satellite solutions are
one of the most effective means of assuring operational continuity throughout emergencies and disasters.
Once a disaster is in view, or has struck, having communications equipment on-hand is critical. Planning
to meet the recovery efforts needed for natural or other disasters thus must include advance purchases of
equipment and service contracts for relief workers and others.
Such planning includes having a supply of satellite telephones in stock, either at locations that are at-risk
for major disasters or at distribution centers from which they can be readily dispatched once a hurricane is
forecasted, or immediately after an earthquake strikes

Conclusion
Conclusion
The last decade has seen the emergence of new communication and information
technologies. On one hand this opens doors for innovative application of communication
technologies in different phases of disaster management, on the other this poses new
challenges for disaster management community. The effective application of new
communication technologies would require that these new technologies are integrated
with the more conventional technologies. The disaster management community will also
have deal with the disparity that exists between different regions and communities in
terms of communications infrastructure. The information technology revolution has also
led to local innovation in communications infrastructure. The disaster management
community will have to capitalize on these innovations and where possible integrate them
with new technologies. In the coming years, the new communications and information
technologies can potentially redefine the conventional disaster management systems.
There is a movement underway, away from strict "command and control" model to a
more devolved system of disaster management

INTRODUCTION.....
DISASTER-


Disasters are reported of varying intensity and occurrence ranging from less frequent like earthquake, volcanic eruption to more frequent like floods, drought, cyclones, landslides besides industrial and epidemics. There has been an overall increase largely due to changes in sinks of heat resulting from the overall warming in the tropics and cooling in the polar regions. While dealing with the disasters, one of the key element one talks about is the mitigation strategy. This means taking action to reduce the impact of disasters that can be taken prior to its occurrence. This includes preparedness and short-long term risk reduction measures.

ROLE OF COOMUNI CATION
Communications provide the critical path for relief in emergency and disaster situations.
Communications connect and help move logistical, rescue and first responder resources in any region of
the world facing or recovering from natural or man-made disasters.
Deploying wireless communications is typically among the first priorities in any emergency response,
rescue, or relief situation. However, terrestrial wireless equipment (cellular phones or land mobile radios)
is only useful when communications towers and other fixed equipment are in place to connect wireless
equipment to the local and global communications backbone. In the majority of emergency situations, this
infrastructure has either been destroyed by the disaster (e.g. New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina) or was
not available before the disaster (e.g. the earthquake in Pakistan). This reality makes it critical for local
government and emergency workers to have access to a wireless communications network that is not
dependant on terrestrial infrastructure.


RADIO...
In disater Effected communities the Radio stations are the primary public information service, bringing information on for example in a huricane situation on the storms progress, when to seek shelter, and when it is safe to move around outside once agian. They will also provide information on the severity of the disaster and any recomended actions the authorites have set for the population.

Basically Radio is the cheif source of communicating with the community in a disater situation.
Ameature radio..----
A ham radio operator can carry on experiments with various communication equipment and systems going deeper into the science of electronics (Learning by Doing) and at the same time provide great service to the people in general worldwide by way of organizing on-the-air emergency medical traffic, establishing emergency communication network during natural calamities like flood, cyclone, storm, earthquake or any other disaster. Amateur Radio stations act as the 'SECOND LINE' of communication when existing public or government communication links fail to act.

life-saving facet of amateur radio was demonstrated in India with valuable public service activities during a Post & Telegraph Strike in 1960, when radio amateurs passed important messages for the public.
.
You might recollect the earthquakes in Uttar-Kashi and more recently at Latur in Maharashtra and adjoining areas where ham radio operators provided the essential communication network for coordinating and organising relief operations, arranging medicines, food and clothing for the affected people. Ham Radio has reestablished its importance during the recent Orissa disaster (the devastating cyclone), when all the communication facilities broke down. A ham radio station set up at the Orissa Chief Minister's residence maintained contact with the nation's capital for nearly a month. Amateur radio stations also come into action during the major sports event like the ASIAD, the HIMALAYAN CAR RALLY to assist the sports officials as well as the rally operators. The Himalayan Expedition teams are getting assistance from the ham radio operators.
Satellite.....-
Satellite communications provide such a solution. Satellites are the only wireless communications
infrastructure that is not susceptible to damage from disasters, because the main repeaters sending and
receiving signals (the satellite spacecraft) are located outside the Earth’s atmosphere.
Users today have two kinds of satellite communications networks available to support emergency
response activities: geostationary satellite systems (GEO) and low Earth orbit satellites (LEO).
Geostationary (GEO) satellites are located 36,000 km above the Earth in a fixed position and provide
service to a country or a region covering up to one third of the globe. They are capable of providing a full
range of communications services, including voice, video and broadband data. .

LEO satellites operate in orbits between 780 km and 1,500 km (depending on the system) and provide
voice and low speed data communications. These satellites can operate with handheld units about the size
of a large cellular phone. As with handheld terminals that rely upon GEO satellites, the highly portable
nature of LEO-based units makes them another valuable satellite solution for first responders in the field.
In order to most effectively utilize the capabilities of these systems, government agencies, relief
organizations and other first responders must define as far in advance as possible what kind of terminals
they will need to have in the field before and after an emergency. This planning requires an
understanding of the different capabilities of the various system types outlined below.

Handheld Mobile satellite...-
Once a disaster has occurred, local infrastructure – including microwave, cellular and other
communications facilities – are often knocked out, either because towers are destroyed, or because of
electrical failures. In the immediate aftermath of such a disaster, there is one reliable form of
communications, which is the use of handheld satellite telephone systems provided by mobile satellite
service providers. These systems provide access through very small, cell-phone-sized devices, as well as
pagers and in-vehicle units, similar to those

Portable mobile satellite
Mobile satellite systems, or terminals used for “communications on the move” include equipment that can
be transported and operated from inside a car, truck or maritime vessel, as well as in helicopters and other
aircraft, including commercial airplanes. This kind of terminal is useful where data-intensive, high-speed
connections are needed on an expedited basis for damage assessment, medical evaluation or other
applications for voice, video and data.

ADVANCE PLANNING IS KEY
As noted above, long-term advance planning for natural disaster mitigation can be supported by the use of
satellite networks connecting seismic and other environmental sensors to local or national government
agencies. Likewise, fully redundant communications networks supported by backup satellite solutions are
one of the most effective means of assuring operational continuity throughout emergencies and disasters.
Once a disaster is in view, or has struck, having communications equipment on-hand is critical. Planning
to meet the recovery efforts needed for natural or other disasters thus must include advance purchases of
equipment and service contracts for relief workers and others.
Such planning includes having a supply of satellite telephones in stock, either at locations that are at-risk
for major disasters or at distribution centers from which they can be readily dispatched once a hurricane is
forecasted, or immediately after an earthquake strikes

Conclusion
Conclusion
The last decade has seen the emergence of new communication and information
technologies. On one hand this opens doors for innovative application of communication
technologies in different phases of disaster management, on the other this poses new
challenges for disaster management community. The effective application of new
communication technologies would require that these new technologies are integrated
with the more conventional technologies. The disaster management community will also
have deal with the disparity that exists between different regions and communities in
terms of communications infrastructure. The information technology revolution has also
led to local innovation in communications infrastructure. The disaster management
community will have to capitalize on these innovations and where possible integrate them
with new technologies. In the coming years, the new communications and information
technologies can potentially redefine the conventional disaster management systems.
There is a movement underway, away from strict "command and control" model to a
more devolved system of disaster management

INTRODUCTION.....
DISASTER-


Disasters are reported of varying intensity and occurrence ranging from less frequent like earthquake, volcanic eruption to more frequent like floods, drought, cyclones, landslides besides industrial and epidemics. There has been an overall increase largely due to changes in sinks of heat resulting from the overall warming in the tropics and cooling in the polar regions. While dealing with the disasters, one of the key element one talks about is the mitigation strategy. This means taking action to reduce the impact of disasters that can be taken prior to its occurrence. This includes preparedness and short-long term risk reduction measures.

ROLE OF COOMUNI CATION
Communications provide the critical path for relief in emergency and disaster situations.
Communications connect and help move logistical, rescue and first responder resources in any region of
the world facing or recovering from natural or man-made disasters.
Deploying wireless communications is typically among the first priorities in any emergency response,
rescue, or relief situation. However, terrestrial wireless equipment (cellular phones or land mobile radios)
is only useful when communications towers and other fixed equipment are in place to connect wireless
equipment to the local and global communications backbone. In the majority of emergency situations, this
infrastructure has either been destroyed by the disaster (e.g. New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina) or was
not available before the disaster (e.g. the earthquake in Pakistan). This reality makes it critical for local
government and emergency workers to have access to a wireless communications network that is not
dependant on terrestrial infrastructure.


RADIO...
In disater Effected communities the Radio stations are the primary public information service, bringing information on for example in a huricane situation on the storms progress, when to seek shelter, and when it is safe to move around outside once agian. They will also provide information on the severity of the disaster and any recomended actions the authorites have set for the population.

Basically Radio is the cheif source of communicating with the community in a disater situation.
Ameature radio..----
A ham radio operator can carry on experiments with various communication equipment and systems going deeper into the science of electronics (Learning by Doing) and at the same time provide great service to the people in general worldwide by way of organizing on-the-air emergency medical traffic, establishing emergency communication network during natural calamities like flood, cyclone, storm, earthquake or any other disaster. Amateur Radio stations act as the 'SECOND LINE' of communication when existing public or government communication links fail to act.

life-saving facet of amateur radio was demonstrated in India with valuable public service activities during a Post & Telegraph Strike in 1960, when radio amateurs passed important messages for the public.
.
You might recollect the earthquakes in Uttar-Kashi and more recently at Latur in Maharashtra and adjoining areas where ham radio operators provided the essential communication network for coordinating and organising relief operations, arranging medicines, food and clothing for the affected people. Ham Radio has reestablished its importance during the recent Orissa disaster (the devastating cyclone), when all the communication facilities broke down. A ham radio station set up at the Orissa Chief Minister's residence maintained contact with the nation's capital for nearly a month. Amateur radio stations also come into action during the major sports event like the ASIAD, the HIMALAYAN CAR RALLY to assist the sports officials as well as the rally operators. The Himalayan Expedition teams are getting assistance from the ham radio operators.
Satellite.....-
Satellite communications provide such a solution. Satellites are the only wireless communications
infrastructure that is not susceptible to damage from disasters, because the main repeaters sending and
receiving signals (the satellite spacecraft) are located outside the Earth’s atmosphere.
Users today have two kinds of satellite communications networks available to support emergency
response activities: geostationary satellite systems (GEO) and low Earth orbit satellites (LEO).
Geostationary (GEO) satellites are located 36,000 km above the Earth in a fixed position and provide
service to a country or a region covering up to one third of the globe. They are capable of providing a full
range of communications services, including voice, video and broadband data. .

LEO satellites operate in orbits between 780 km and 1,500 km (depending on the system) and provide
voice and low speed data communications. These satellites can operate with handheld units about the size
of a large cellular phone. As with handheld terminals that rely upon GEO satellites, the highly portable
nature of LEO-based units makes them another valuable satellite solution for first responders in the field.
In order to most effectively utilize the capabilities of these systems, government agencies, relief
organizations and other first responders must define as far in advance as possible what kind of terminals
they will need to have in the field before and after an emergency. This planning requires an
understanding of the different capabilities of the various system types outlined below.

Handheld Mobile satellite...-
Once a disaster has occurred, local infrastructure – including microwave, cellular and other
communications facilities – are often knocked out, either because towers are destroyed, or because of
electrical failures. In the immediate aftermath of such a disaster, there is one reliable form of
communications, which is the use of handheld satellite telephone systems provided by mobile satellite
service providers. These systems provide access through very small, cell-phone-sized devices, as well as
pagers and in-vehicle units, similar to those

Portable mobile satellite
Mobile satellite systems, or terminals used for “communications on the move” include equipment that can
be transported and operated from inside a car, truck or maritime vessel, as well as in helicopters and other
aircraft, including commercial airplanes. This kind of terminal is useful where data-intensive, high-speed
connections are needed on an expedited basis for damage assessment, medical evaluation or other
applications for voice, video and data.

ADVANCE PLANNING IS KEY
As noted above, long-term advance planning for natural disaster mitigation can be supported by the use of
satellite networks connecting seismic and other environmental sensors to local or national government
agencies. Likewise, fully redundant communications networks supported by backup satellite solutions are
one of the most effective means of assuring operational continuity throughout emergencies and disasters.
Once a disaster is in view, or has struck, having communications equipment on-hand is critical. Planning
to meet the recovery efforts needed for natural or other disasters thus must include advance purchases of
equipment and service contracts for relief workers and others.
Such planning includes having a supply of satellite telephones in stock, either at locations that are at-risk
for major disasters or at distribution centers from which they can be readily dispatched once a hurricane is
forecasted, or immediately after an earthquake strikes

Conclusion
Conclusion
The last decade has seen the emergence of new communication and information
technologies. On one hand this opens doors for innovative application of communication
technologies in different phases of disaster management, on the other this poses new
challenges for disaster management community. The effective application of new
communication technologies would require that these new technologies are integrated
with the more conventional technologies. The disaster management community will also
have deal with the disparity that exists between different regions and communities in
terms of communications infrastructure. The information technology revolution has also
led to local innovation in communications infrastructure. The disaster management
community will have to capitalize on these innovations and where possible integrate them
with new technologies. In the coming years, the new communications and information
technologies can potentially redefine the conventional disaster management systems.
There is a movement underway, away from strict "command and control" model to a
more devolved system of disaster management

INTRODUCTION.....
DISASTER-


Disasters are reported of varying intensity and occurrence ranging from less frequent like earthquake, volcanic eruption to more frequent like floods, drought, cyclones, landslides besides industrial and epidemics. There has been an overall increase largely due to changes in sinks of heat resulting from the overall warming in the tropics and cooling in the polar regions. While dealing with the disasters, one of the key element one talks about is the mitigation strategy. This means taking action to reduce the impact of disasters that can be taken prior to its occurrence. This includes preparedness and short-long term risk reduction measures.

ROLE OF COOMUNI CATION
Communications provide the critical path for relief in emergency and disaster situations.
Communications connect and help move logistical, rescue and first responder resources in any region of
the world facing or recovering from natural or man-made disasters.
Deploying wireless communications is typically among the first priorities in any emergency response,
rescue, or relief situation. However, terrestrial wireless equipment (cellular phones or land mobile radios)
is only useful when communications towers and other fixed equipment are in place to connect wireless
equipment to the local and global communications backbone. In the majority of emergency situations, this
infrastructure has either been destroyed by the disaster (e.g. New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina) or was
not available before the disaster (e.g. the earthquake in Pakistan). This reality makes it critical for local
government and emergency workers to have access to a wireless communications network that is not
dependant on terrestrial infrastructure.


RADIO...
In disater Effected communities the Radio stations are the primary public information service, bringing information on for example in a huricane situation on the storms progress, when to seek shelter, and when it is safe to move around outside once agian. They will also provide information on the severity of the disaster and any recomended actions the authorites have set for the population.

Basically Radio is the cheif source of communicating with the community in a disater situation.
Ameature radio..----
A ham radio operator can carry on experiments with various communication equipment and systems going deeper into the science of electronics (Learning by Doing) and at the same time provide great service to the people in general worldwide by way of organizing on-the-air emergency medical traffic, establishing emergency communication network during natural calamities like flood, cyclone, storm, earthquake or any other disaster. Amateur Radio stations act as the 'SECOND LINE' of communication when existing public or government communication links fail to act.

life-saving facet of amateur radio was demonstrated in India with valuable public service activities during a Post & Telegraph Strike in 1960, when radio amateurs passed important messages for the public.
.
You might recollect the earthquakes in Uttar-Kashi and more recently at Latur in Maharashtra and adjoining areas where ham radio operators provided the essential communication network for coordinating and organising relief operations, arranging medicines, food and clothing for the affected people. Ham Radio has reestablished its importance during the recent Orissa disaster (the devastating cyclone), when all the communication facilities broke down. A ham radio station set up at the Orissa Chief Minister's residence maintained contact with the nation's capital for nearly a month. Amateur radio stations also come into action during the major sports event like the ASIAD, the HIMALAYAN CAR RALLY to assist the sports officials as well as the rally operators. The Himalayan Expedition teams are getting assistance from the ham radio operators.
Satellite.....-
Satellite communications provide such a solution. Satellites are the only wireless communications
infrastructure that is not susceptible to damage from disasters, because the main repeaters sending and
receiving signals (the satellite spacecraft) are located outside the Earth’s atmosphere.
Users today have two kinds of satellite communications networks available to support emergency
response activities: geostationary satellite systems (GEO) and low Earth orbit satellites (LEO).
Geostationary (GEO) satellites are located 36,000 km above the Earth in a fixed position and provide
service to a country or a region covering up to one third of the globe. They are capable of providing a full
range of communications services, including voice, video and broadband data. .

LEO satellites operate in orbits between 780 km and 1,500 km (depending on the system) and provide
voice and low speed data communications. These satellites can operate with handheld units about the size
of a large cellular phone. As with handheld terminals that rely upon GEO satellites, the highly portable
nature of LEO-based units makes them another valuable satellite solution for first responders in the field.
In order to most effectively utilize the capabilities of these systems, government agencies, relief
organizations and other first responders must define as far in advance as possible what kind of terminals
they will need to have in the field before and after an emergency. This planning requires an
understanding of the different capabilities of the various system types outlined below.

Handheld Mobile satellite...-
Once a disaster has occurred, local infrastructure – including microwave, cellular and other
communications facilities – are often knocked out, either because towers are destroyed, or because of
electrical failures. In the immediate aftermath of such a disaster, there is one reliable form of
communications, which is the use of handheld satellite telephone systems provided by mobile satellite
service providers. These systems provide access through very small, cell-phone-sized devices, as well as
pagers and in-vehicle units, similar to those

Portable mobile satellite
Mobile satellite systems, or terminals used for “communications on the move” include equipment that can
be transported and operated from inside a car, truck or maritime vessel, as well as in helicopters and other
aircraft, including commercial airplanes. This kind of terminal is useful where data-intensive, high-speed
connections are needed on an expedited basis for damage assessment, medical evaluation or other
applications for voice, video and data.

ADVANCE PLANNING IS KEY
As noted above, long-term advance planning for natural disaster mitigation can be supported by the use of
satellite networks connecting seismic and other environmental sensors to local or national government
agencies. Likewise, fully redundant communications networks supported by backup satellite solutions are
one of the most effective means of assuring operational continuity throughout emergencies and disasters.
Once a disaster is in view, or has struck, having communications equipment on-hand is critical. Planning
to meet the recovery efforts needed for natural or other disasters thus must include advance purchases of
equipment and service contracts for relief workers and others.
Such planning includes having a supply of satellite telephones in stock, either at locations that are at-risk
for major disasters or at distribution centers from which they can be readily dispatched once a hurricane is
forecasted, or immediately after an earthquake strikes

Conclusion
Conclusion
The last decade has seen the emergence of new communication and information
technologies. On one hand this opens doors for innovative application of communication
technologies in different phases of disaster management, on the other this poses new
challenges for disaster management community. The effective application of new
communication technologies would require that these new technologies are integrated
with the more conventional technologies. The disaster management community will also
have deal with the disparity that exists between different regions and communities in
terms of communications infrastructure. The information technology revolution has also
led to local innovation in communications infrastructure. The disaster management
community will have to capitalize on these innovations and where possible integrate them
with new technologies. In the coming years, the new communications and information
technologies can potentially redefine the conventional disaster management systems.
There is a movement underway, away from strict "command and control" model to a
more devolved system of disaster management

INTRODUCTION.....
DISASTER-


Disasters are reported of varying intensity and occurrence ranging from less frequent like earthquake, volcanic eruption to more frequent like floods, drought, cyclones, landslides besides industrial and epidemics. There has been an overall increase largely due to changes in sinks of heat resulting from the overall warming in the tropics and cooling in the polar regions. While dealing with the disasters, one of the key element one talks about is the mitigation strategy. This means taking action to reduce the impact of disasters that can be taken prior to its occurrence. This includes preparedness and short-long term risk reduction measures.

ROLE OF COOMUNI CATION
Communications provide the critical path for relief in emergency and disaster situations.
Communications connect and help move logistical, rescue and first responder resources in any region of
the world facing or recovering from natural or man-made disasters.
Deploying wireless communications is typically among the first priorities in any emergency response,
rescue, or relief situation. However, terrestrial wireless equipment (cellular phones or land mobile radios)
is only useful when communications towers and other fixed equipment are in place to connect wireless
equipment to the local and global communications backbone. In the majority of emergency situations, this
infrastructure has either been destroyed by the disaster (e.g. New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina) or was
not available before the disaster (e.g. the earthquake in Pakistan). This reality makes it critical for local
government and emergency workers to have access to a wireless communications network that is not
dependant on terrestrial infrastructure.


RADIO...
In disater Effected communities the Radio stations are the primary public information service, bringing information on for example in a huricane situation on the storms progress, when to seek shelter, and when it is safe to move around outside once agian. They will also provide information on the severity of the disaster and any recomended actions the authorites have set for the population.

Basically Radio is the cheif source of communicating with the community in a disater situation.
Ameature radio..----
A ham radio operator can carry on experiments with various communication equipment and systems going deeper into the science of electronics (Learning by Doing) and at the same time provide great service to the people in general worldwide by way of organizing on-the-air emergency medical traffic, establishing emergency communication network during natural calamities like flood, cyclone, storm, earthquake or any other disaster. Amateur Radio stations act as the 'SECOND LINE' of communication when existing public or government communication links fail to act.

life-saving facet of amateur radio was demonstrated in India with valuable public service activities during a Post & Telegraph Strike in 1960, when radio amateurs passed important messages for the public.
.
You might recollect the earthquakes in Uttar-Kashi and more recently at Latur in Maharashtra and adjoining areas where ham radio operators provided the essential communication network for coordinating and organising relief operations, arranging medicines, food and clothing for the affected people. Ham Radio has reestablished its importance during the recent Orissa disaster (the devastating cyclone), when all the communication facilities broke down. A ham radio station set up at the Orissa Chief Minister's residence maintained contact with the nation's capital for nearly a month. Amateur radio stations also come into action during the major sports event like the ASIAD, the HIMALAYAN CAR RALLY to assist the sports officials as well as the rally operators. The Himalayan Expedition teams are getting assistance from the ham radio operators.
Satellite.....-
Satellite communications provide such a solution. Satellites are the only wireless communications
infrastructure that is not susceptible to damage from disasters, because the main repeaters sending and
receiving signals (the satellite spacecraft) are located outside the Earth’s atmosphere.
Users today have two kinds of satellite communications networks available to support emergency
response activities: geostationary satellite systems (GEO) and low Earth orbit satellites (LEO).
Geostationary (GEO) satellites are located 36,000 km above the Earth in a fixed position and provide
service to a country or a region covering up to one third of the globe. They are capable of providing a full
range of communications services, including voice, video and broadband data. .

LEO satellites operate in orbits between 780 km and 1,500 km (depending on the system) and provide
voice and low speed data communications. These satellites can operate with handheld units about the size
of a large cellular phone. As with handheld terminals that rely upon GEO satellites, the highly portable
nature of LEO-based units makes them another valuable satellite solution for first responders in the field.
In order to most effectively utilize the capabilities of these systems, government agencies, relief
organizations and other first responders must define as far in advance as possible what kind of terminals
they will need to have in the field before and after an emergency. This planning requires an
understanding of the different capabilities of the various system types outlined below.

Handheld Mobile satellite...-
Once a disaster has occurred, local infrastructure – including microwave, cellular and other
communications facilities – are often knocked out, either because towers are destroyed, or because of
electrical failures. In the immediate aftermath of such a disaster, there is one reliable form of
communications, which is the use of handheld satellite telephone systems provided by mobile satellite
service providers. These systems provide access through very small, cell-phone-sized devices, as well as
pagers and in-vehicle units, similar to those

Portable mobile satellite
Mobile satellite systems, or terminals used for “communications on the move” include equipment that can
be transported and operated from inside a car, truck or maritime vessel, as well as in helicopters and other
aircraft, including commercial airplanes. This kind of terminal is useful where data-intensive, high-speed
connections are needed on an expedited basis for damage assessment, medical evaluation or other
applications for voice, video and data.

ADVANCE PLANNING IS KEY
As noted above, long-term advance planning for natural disaster mitigation can be supported by the use of
satellite networks connecting seismic and other environmental sensors to local or national government
agencies. Likewise, fully redundant communications networks supported by backup satellite solutions are
one of the most effective means of assuring operational continuity throughout emergencies and disasters.
Once a disaster is in view, or has struck, having communications equipment on-hand is critical. Planning
to meet the recovery efforts needed for natural or other disasters thus must include advance purchases of
equipment and service contracts for relief workers and others.
Such planning includes having a supply of satellite telephones in stock, either at locations that are at-risk
for major disasters or at distribution centers from which they can be readily dispatched once a hurricane is
forecasted, or immediately after an earthquake strikes

Conclusion
Conclusion
The last decade has seen the emergence of new communication and information
technologies. On one hand this opens doors for innovative application of communication
technologies in different phases of disaster management, on the other this poses new
challenges for disaster management community. The effective application of new
communication technologies would require that these new technologies are integrated
with the more conventional technologies. The disaster management community will also
have deal with the disparity that exists between different regions and communities in
terms of communications infrastructure. The information technology revolution has also
led to local innovation in communications infrastructure. The disaster management
community will have to capitalize on these innovations and where possible integrate them
with new technologies. In the coming years, the new communications and information
technologies can potentially redefine the conventional disaster management systems.
There is a movement underway, away from strict "command and control" model to a
more devolved system of disaster management