Fluid And Particle Mechanics

FLUID AND PARTICLE MECHANICS by C. E. Lapple With the assistance of G. E. Alves, O. P. Bergelin, D. F. Boucher, H. L. Bunker, M. G. Kershaw, M. S. Maleson and R. D. Morse Based on a Graduate Chemical Engineering Course given at the University of Delaware Published by University of Delaware Newark, Delaware March, 1951 PREFACE It is the aim of this publication to provide industrial aryd academic organizations with a readily usable critical review of recent developments in the field of Fluid and Particle Jfechanics as they pertain to applications in the chemical industry. Progress during the past ten years has been extreme ly rapid. This is evidenced by the greatly accelerated pace of publication and by the pioneering of phases which heretofore had received but scant attention. Progress has indeed been so rapid that the practicing engineer has not had the time to usefully assimilate the results of the developments, because of. their diversity and scatter in the literature. In order to provide students and engineers in the Wilmington-Philadelphia area with a co-ordinated review of these developments and to stimulate their application in practice, the University of Delaware sponsored an extension course in Fluid Mechanics in the spring of 1948. The lectures were prepared and given by specialists from local industry, who were chosen for their experience and intimate famil iarity with specific aspects of fluid and particle mr-chanics in the chemical industry. The course dealt with special topics, which are of great or growing importance in the chemical industry and which are not adequately covered elsewhere. Although fundamental and theoretical background information was presented, this wasdone only to the extent deemed necessary for a thorough understanding of the methods and limitations of application. Insofar as possible, the emphasis was on the presentation of a clear, concise, and critical review of available knowledge that could be utilized directly in industrial applications. Because of the vastness of the field and the limited time available, the entire field could not receive coverage. The topics included were determined by their relative industrial importance, as well as by the availability of qualified lecturers. In order to provide those taking the course with a permanent record for reference, detailed mimeographed notes were prepared and distributed by each lecturer. These were prepared as a comprehensive but concise summary of available information, with sufficient selected reference material to permit an individual to conduct an extensive study of a given topic should the need arise. Because of the excellent reception of the course and the large number of requests for additional copies of the lecture notes, the University of Delaware has issued this Bulletin in order to make the information presented in the lectures more generally available. While the material represents a review of published material to a great extent, the co-ordination and interpretation of the results is in many cases novel, reflecting intuitive insight that comes with many years of specialized background and ex perience and with knowledge of unpublished information. It is our sincere hope that this publication will serve its immediate function as an aid to industry in summarizing recent developments in a usable form and that it will act as a guide and stimulus for further work inacademic and industrial research organizations. It is also our hope that this publica tion will find extensive use in graduate courses as a means for bridging the proverbial academic industrial gap and thereby further one of the ends of professional education. To facilitate its classroom function in this respect, problems typical of those encountered in practice have been addended to each chapter. Wilmington, Delaware C. E. Lapple June, 1950 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Chapter 2. Chapter 3. Chapter 4. Chapter 5. Chapter 6. Chapter 7. Chapter 8. Chapter 9...