Individuality In Organisms

INDIVIDUALITY IN ORGANISMS - CONTENTS - CHAPTER CHA I P . T E T R H E PROBLEM . . . . . . . . . . . . PA . G I E The Characteristics of the Organic Individual Unity and Order in the Life of the Individual Reproduction and Individuation Metabolism and Protoplasm Terminology. Theoretical Review and Critique A Dynamic Conception of the Organic Individual. Susceptibility Gradients in Animals and Plants Further Physiological Evidence for the Existence of Metabolic Gradients Embryological Evidence for the Existence of Axial Metabolic Gradients Developmental Gradients in Agamic and Experimental Reproduction Conclusion. IV. PHYSIOLOGICDAOLM INANC IN E THE PROCES O S F INDI VIDUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 The xpehmentaMl aterial The Independence of the Apical Region Dominance and Subordination in Experimental Reproduction The Reconstitution of an Individual from an Isolated Piece Some Modifying and Limiting Factors in Animal Reconstitution Conclusion. THER ANGE O F DOMINANCEP, H YSIOLOGIICSAOLL ATION, AND EXPERIMENTRAELP RODUCTI . ON . 127 Experimental Control of Spatial Relations of Parts and of the Range of Dominance Experimental Obliteration and Determination of Axial Gradients and Dominance The Extension of Dominance during Development Experimental Physiological Isolation and Reproduction in Plants The Localization of Experimental Reproduction in Relation to Different Axes Conclusion. VI. DISCUSSIOCNO, NCLUSION AN S D, SUGGESTION . S . . 17 0 The Nature of Dominance The Nature of Inhibition Origin of Metabolic Gradients and of Dominance Morphological Differentiation in Relation to Metabolic Rate The Fundamental Reaction System Agamic Reproduction in Relation to Physiological Isolation. Gametic Reproduction Heredity, Evolution, and Other Problems from the Dynamic Standpoint. The present book is an attempt to state, and to present some of the evidence in favor of, a conception of the nature of organic individuality which has gradually developed in the mind of the writer during the course of some fifteen years investigation of the simpler processes of reproduction and development in the lower animals. In these forms organic individuality appears in relatively simple terms, and it is here if anywhere that we must look for the key to the problem of individuality in the higher animals and man. With the great variety of facts at hand and the limited space available, it has often been difficult to decide what particular points of the evidence to include in the consideration and what to omit. To those familiar with biological facts it will doubtless be evident that many data from various lines of investigation have been either barely mentioned or entirely omitted. The attempt has been made to show in some degree the wide range of applicability of this conception of individuality to various biological fields, and it is perhaps permissible to express the hope that, not only the physiologist and botanist, but also the neurologist, the psychologist, and the sociologist may find something of interest in it. Chaps. i and ii are necessarily somewhat abstract and condensed and may seem to some readers to demand too extensive a background of biological knowledge. A re-reading of these chapters after reading chaps. iii-vi will assist in decreasing this difliculty. In the book Senescence and Rejuvenescence, recently published, the writer was chiefly concerned with the ix XINDIVIDUALITY IN ORGANIShIS I criodicc hanges of the age cycle in the organic i d - vidunl as one aspect of the life cycle...