Laboratory Directions For Elementary Chemistry

NEW YORK IIENRY IIOLT AND COMPANY -- 1911 -- PREFACE -- The importance of the laboratory work in a course in elemen- tary chemistry cannot be too strongly emphasized. It is only by the actual contact and experimentation with some of the many materials described in a text-book that the student ever comes to any realizing sense of the means by which the science of chemistry has been built up. For this reason it is advisable to supplement the laboratory exercises with discussions of an explanatory nature, in which the correlation between laboratory and text-book work may be brought out. The experiments described in this guide have been chosen with the following objects in mind To reduce the variety of materials handled, consequently the confusion of many new names and strange materials, to a minimum to make each experiment a fairly exhaustive study of some particular material or property to have the sequence of experiments such as will lead to a certain amount of reasoning from analogy. This guide does not pretend to be an exhaustive description of elementary experiments, but rather a selection of a few suitable, consecutive experiments from the many possible. I wish to take this opportunity to acknowledge the many helpful suggestions and criticisms which I have received from Drs. C. W. Balke, C. H. Hecker, S. B. Hopkins and TT7. A. Noyes in the preparation of this book. 114n . l .. . l 1 1 1 1 0, . . . . . . . . 1 .11.1rlcl 1. l 1 1 1 L 1 . 1 1 . 1 0 s . . . . . . . . . . 10 11. IIIF L-IST.SIS .XI ISTCRES . . . . 1 fi 111. USYCIV . . . . . . . . . . ., . . 1 I-. I I T I I S . . . . . . . .n TVATER .4sn Il-nocrss P, tostur . . . . . . . . l . YI. IIF. IIALOGES I7.11l . . . . . . . . . . .. . S -11. S-r, lr-r. . . . . ., . . . . a. T-III. SITIOCEN . . . Ci IS. 11n .ITJIOSIIIERE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jS ISTIIS AXT UISJITITII. . . . . 71 S-. PIISPIIOII-S, A s, XI. Cannos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I0 SII. Srrcos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 STTI. 13oltos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SS I . IIIT.LI, S .XI x - . c . . . . . . A . . . S. 1.- 11 .I, KAI.I RIEIILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SO 1 COIJITCIZ AND SILVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 STIT. C., crrrr, STRONTIU Ain BAIIAL. . . . . . . . . . 9.5 1 1 1 3lacsr.., -rcr, ZINC axu llrtcrlt- . . . . . . . . . . . . OS SIX. ilr, uarrui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l02 SS. LEAD AS TIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 SST. CIIROIIIGI . . . . . . . . . . . 107 SSIT. lIs.sll . . . . . . . . 10, SSIII. 11tos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 -- ... . DIRECTIONS FOR ELEMENIARY GENERAL DIRECTIONS Work in the laboratory should be undertaken with the following objects in mind 1. By dire handling of the materials to become familiar with certaib ckrqicl redcions. 2. By analogy, and text-book study, tb relate thc experiments actually performed in the ibj,0rvc-itliaS1iAI facts brought up in the lecture and quiz room discussion as possible. 3. By handling and manipulating apparatus to become familiar with the tools at the disposal of the chemist, and the proper use of the same, and at the same time to acquire ability and dexterity in their use. A student, however good his under- standing of chemical facts, has not reached the goal unless he is able to perform neatly and properly any given chemical manipulation. 4. To acquire habits of observation and a properdiscrimination between important and unimportant details, and to draw conclusions of a general nature from a specific case. 5. To record accurately, briefly, and promptly the phenomena observed. In the pursuit of these objects the keeping of a laboratory note-book is of prime importance. It is absolutely essential that these notes be recorded at the time the work is performed...