Masonry; A Short Text-book On Masonry Construction

A Short Text-Book on Masonry Construction, Including Descriptions of the Materials Used, their Preparation and Arrangement in Structures - 1915 - PREFACE - THE following pages have been written to furnish a concise treatment of masonry construction for use as a text in courses of instruction which do not provide sufficient time for the study of a more comprehensive treatise. The matter as presented, however, may serve as a skeleton for an extended course of study by making use of the references at the end of the book which suggest supplementary reading. The references are arranged in the order in which the subject matter is considered in the text. Modern methods are described and modern tools and machinery are illustrated. Reinforced concrete masonry has not been considered, as there are numerous books which treat this subject both in an elementary and in a thorough manner. The specifications in Part III give the best modern methods of selecting materials and their use in structures. M A H JANUARY 1, 915. -- CONTENTS -- PART I . THE MATERIALS CHAPTER I NATURAL B UILDINGS TONES PAGE Natural Building Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Geological Classification of Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chemical Classification of Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Classification of Rocks According to Their Physical Structure . . . 2 Rocks Used for Building Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Durability of Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Artificial Methods of Determining the Durability of Rocks . . . . 3 The Absorption Test of Building Stones . . . . . . . . . . 3 The Crushing Strength of Building Stones . . . . . . . . . 4 Freezing Tests of Building Stones . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ChemicalTests of Building Stones . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Microscopic Tests of Building Stones . . . . . . . . . . 6 Determination of the Specific Gravity of Building Stones . . . . . 6 Minerals Which Are Injurious . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Granite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . Limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Granular Limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Compact Limestone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Sandstones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Slates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Average Physical Properties of Building Stones . 11 Fire-Resisting Property of Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Quarrying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Joints in Relation to Quarrying . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Quarrying by Hand Tooh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Quarrying by Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 The Use of Explosives in Quarrying . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Tools Used in Preparing Building Stones . . . 20 Power Took for Finishing Stone . . . . . . . . . . . 24 . v vi CONTENTS PAGE Classification of Building Stones According to the Finish of the Surface . 28 Squared Stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Cut Stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 CHAPTER I1 Building Brick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 Manufacture of Building Brick . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Drying Brick . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 Burning Brick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Modern Methods of Burning Brick . . . . . . 37 Fuel Used in Burning Brick . . . . . . . . 41 Annealing or Cooling Brick . . . . . . . 41 Classification of Brick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...