Advanced Surveying Elective II (Includes Typical MCQ's) For SPPU Sem 6 Civil Engineering Course Code :301015c Academic Year 2021-2022  (Paperback, V. K. Kumawat)

? Unit I : Geodetic Surveying and Trigonometric Leveling (06 Hours) Geodetic surveying : Objectives and methods of geodetic surveying, concept of triangulation, triangulation figures, classification of triangulation survey, concept of well conditioned triangle, selection of stations, inter visibility and height of stations, field work in triangulation, concept satellite station. Trigonometric leveling:-terrestrial refraction, angular corrections for curvature and refraction, axis signal correction, determination of difference in elevation by single observation and reciprocal observations. (Refer Chapters 1 and 2) ? Unit II : Theory of Errors and Triangulation Adjustment (06 Hours) Types of errors, definitions, laws of accidental errors, laws of weights, determination of the most probable values of quantities, theory of least squares, method of normal equations, method of corrections, method of correlates, rules for giving weights and distribution of errors to the field observations. Angle and station adjustment, figure adjustment, adjustment of geodetic quadrilateral, spherical triangle and calculations of spherical excess and sides of spherical triangle. (Refer Chapter 3? Unit III : Astronomical and Hydrographic Survey (06 Hours) Astronomical surveying : Definitions of astronomical terms, coordinate systems for locating heavenly bodies, geographic, geodetic, geocentric, Cartesian, local and projected coordinates for earth resources mapping, elements of spherical trigonometry, shortest distance between two points on earth, determination of latitude and longitude, determination of azimuth. Hydrographic surveying : Objectives of hydrographic survey, shore line and river survey, soundings : equipments to measure sounding, methods to locate sounding, three-point problem and its solution (analytical, mechanical and graphical), determination of MSL using GPS. (Refer Chapters 4 and 5) ? Unit IV : Aerial Photogrammetry (06 Hours) Introduction, principle, uses, classification-qualitative and quantitative photogrammetry, types of aerial photographs, definitions, scale of vertical photograph, ground co-ordinates, relief displacement, parallax bar, height from parallax measurements, mirror stereoscope, flight planning, procedure of aerial survey, photomaps and mosaics, digital photogrammetry, drone mapping and photogrammetry. (Refer Chapter 6) ? Unit V : Modern Surveying Instruments and Techniques (06 Hours) Introduction to remote sensing, active and passive remote sensing, developments of remote sensing technology and advantages, different platforms of remote sensing, EM spectrum, interaction of EM radiation with atmosphere, remote sensing applications in flood mapping, definition of GIS, components of GIS, importance of GIS, raster data and vector data, primary and secondary data, applications of GIS. Total station : classification, fundamental quantities measured, parts and accessories, basic measuring and working principle of total station, field procedure for total station survey, sources of errors in total station, care and maintenance of total station, basic principles of electronic distance measuring instrument, reflector-less total station, robotic total station, smart station, LIDAR and GPR. (Refer Chapters 7, 8 and 9) ? Unit VI : GPS Surveying (06 Hours) Geodesy fundamentals, geoid, datum, ellipsoid : Definition and basic concepts, coordinate systems, special referencing system, map scale, scale factors, Indian geodetic system, reference surface, geodetic systems, segments of GPS, GPS codes, types of GPS receivers, principle of GPS positioning, GPS data formats. GPS errors sources and GPS accuracy, GPS survey methods, future developments in GPS, DGPS and RTK technique, GPS applications and limitations, advantages of GPS surveying over conventional methods, digital terrain model (DTM) : Topographic representation of the terrain and generation of DTM on computers using spot heights and contour maps. (Refer Chapter 10) ????