Table of Contents
Foreword
-- Lokesh Chandra
Preface
-- Mark Long and Lokesh Chandra
Acknowledgement
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Introduction
Part I : HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
1. Distant Beginnings
The EL Dorado of the Asian World
An Eclectic Approach to Cultural Borrowing
Early Inscriptional Evidence
The Javanese Kingdom of Taruma
A Cataclysmic Event
Java’s Book of Ancient Kings
A Devastating Impact
The Emergence of Shrivijaya
2. The Rise and Fall of Java’s “Classic Age” Civilization
The Illustrious King Sanjaya
Lord of the Mountain
The Maharaja of Zabag
An Ambitious Temple-Building Programme
Candi Sewu, Lumbung and Bubrah
The Abhayagiri Monastery
Candi Plaosan, Sari and Sajiwan
The Venuvana Monastery
Candi Mendut, Ngawen, Pawon and Sajiwan
The Shailendra Decline
Kamulan I Bhumisambhara
The Maharaja of the Land of Gold
The Shailendra beyond Java’s Shores
A Calamity of Horrific Proportions
Merapi during Pre-Historic Periods
Other Hypotheses for the Migration to East Java
The Vartanyan Theory
3. A Buddhist Foundation
The One Thus Come
Challenging the Hindu World-view
Enduring Symbols of the Buddha’s Continuing Presence
The Elder School
The Greater Vehicle
The Development of Mahayana Buddhism
Tantric Buddhism
An Initiation into the Mandala
Part II: BOROBUDUR AND ITS ENVIRONS
4. The Magic of Location
In Harmony with the Local Surroundings
The Descent of the Cosmic River
Local Legends and Indigenous Practices
The Axis of the Universe
The Mount Merapi Sunrise
King, Kraton, Kingdom and Cosmos
Candi Pawon and Candi Mendut
The Lotus Throne on the Lake
The Search in Borobudur’s Vicinity
In Search of the Shailendra Kraton
5. An Approach from the East
The Bas-Reliefs on the Monument’s “Hidden Foot”
Ascending the Eastern Staircase
Entering the Bas-Relief Galleries
The Jatakamala
Jataka and Avadanas
The Lalitavisara-sutra
The Gandavyuha
The Bhadracari
Borobudur’s Jina Images
The 72 Jinas at the Summit
At the Apex of the Pyramid
The Name Borobudur
6. Building and Restoration Activities
The Ground Plan
Phases of Construction
Bringing the Temple to Life
Ancient Building Techniques
Modern Restoration Ethics and Techniques
Conservation Efforts at Borobudur
The Never-Ending Battle
Part III: AN ARCHITECTURAL REAPPRAISAL
7. The Residence of the Divinity
Borobudur’s Foot, Body and Head
Like Demi-Gods Rushing Along the Ways of the Firmament
Borobudur and the Structure of the Vedic Fire Altar
The First Layer of the Fire Altar
The Second Layer
The Third Layer
The Fourth Layer
The Fifth Layer
The Covering Layers of Soil
The Shailendra Cakravartin
Rites of Kingship
The Vastupurusha Mandala at the Summit
On the Road to Kushinagara
8. Numerical, Astronomical and Dimensional Symbolism
The Numerical Symbolism of the Jina Images
A “Day” of the Gods on Mount Meru
Temporal Symbolism on the Lower Levels
Solar Symbolism in the Lalitavistara Reliefs
The Numerical Symbolism of the Su