Electro-kinetic basis of Urinary Transport  (English, Paperback, P. C. Shukla)

Urine is a multicomponent system. Passive collection and active expulsion are the primary functions of urinary bladder. Active expulsion is quite complicated process and is a collective property of urine, bladder and the forces responsible for urination. Passive collection demands least interactional behavior of urine with the bladder. Since electrical double layers are characteristics of all phase boundaries interactional behavior of urine with bladder membranes may be of immense help in understanding micturition phenomena. Since urinary process is development of pressure, sustenance of pressure and finally release of pressure, electrokinetic measurements may be of immense use. Development of pressure across a membrane produces streaming potential which in turn gives rise to streaming current which is nothing but micturition wave. As soon as pressure is released, streaming current tends to be minimum. Again with filling of bladder, pressure builds up and the process is regenerative. With this end in view electrokinetic measurement of constituents of urine have been made and results have been explained in terms of methodology of non equilibrium thermodynamics.