Exotic Matter (English, Paperback, Source Wikipedia)

Chapters: Equation of State, Neutrino, Bose-einstein Condensate, Alcubierre Drive, Dark Matter, Neutron Star, White Dwarf, Wormhole, Degenerate Matter, Weakly Interacting Massive Particles, Strangeness Production, Compact Star, Quark-gluon Plasma, Hyperon, Quark Star, Massive Compact Halo Object, Strange Matter, Dark Flow, Preon Star, Glueball. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 209. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: A white dwarf, also called a degenerate dwarf, is a small star composed mostly of electron-degenerate matter. They are very dense; a white dwarf's mass is comparable to that of the Sun and its volume is comparable to that of the Earth. Its faint luminosity comes from the emission of stored thermal energy. White dwarfs comprise roughly 6% of all known stars in the immediate solar neighborhood. The unusual faintness of white dwarfs was first recognized in 1910 by Henry Norris Russell, Edward Charles Pickering, and Williamina Fleming; the name white dwarf was coined by Willem Luyten in 1922. White dwarfs are thought to be the final evolutionary state of all stars whose mass is not high enough to supernovaover 97% of the stars in our galaxy. After the hydrogenfusing lifetime of a main-sequence star of low or medium mass ends, it will expand to a red giant which fuses helium to carbon and oxygen in its core by the triple-alpha process. If a red giant has insufficient mass to generate the core temperatures required to fuse carbon, an inert mass of carbon and oxygen will build up at its center. After shedding its outer layers to form a planetary nebula, it will leave behind this core, which forms the remnant white dwarf. Usually, therefore, white dwarfs are composed of carbon and oxygen. It is also possible that core temperatures suffice to fuse carbon but not neon, in which case...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=33501