Table of Contents
1. Population Concept and Theories 1
Origin and Development of Population Geography 3
Difference Between Population Geography and Demography 5
Approaches to the Study of Population Geography 6
Sources of Population Data 6
Major Sample Surveys in India 7
Population Theories 7
Religion and Population Issues 9
Optimum Population Theory 12
The Theory of Demographic Transition 14
Demographic Transition Theory and Criticism 16
2. Population Composition 17
Population Parameter for India 2011 19
Age Composition in India 20
Sex Ratio of India 21
Caste Composition in India 2011 22
Literacy in India 22
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 23
3. Fertility 25
Introduction 25
Basic Concepts in Fertility Studies 25
Sources of Data 26
Theory of Diffusion or Cultural Lag 27
Becker’s Theory 30
Measures of Fertility 34
Fertility Situation in India 40
4. Mortality 41
Sources of Data 42
The Expectation of Life at Birth 45
Endogenous Factors 45
Mortality in India 47
5. Migration 49
Measures of Migration 50
Types of Migration 50
Push-Pull Hypothesis 51
6. Marital Status (Nuptiality) 55
Introduction 55
Sources and Quality of Data Sources of data: 57
Measures of Nuptiality 58
Concepts and Definition of Terms 58
India’s Case 63
Interpretation of Age at Marriage for Women in India (1992-2022) 70
Social and Economic Factors 71
7. Population Policies 73
India’s Population Policy 73
The Family Planning Programs 77
The Extension Approach 80
The Camp Approach 83
The Reproductive and Child Health Approach 84
Reproductive Health 85
Population and Sustainable Development Goals 87
References91
Colour MAPS93