Why, when, where and how to internationalise are core questions for leaders, managers and their organisations today. This book provides a unique overview of the true essence of international management. As opposed to a conventional product-related country-oriented approach to the international business area, this book intends to follow modern trends in international management with a greater focus on internationalisation of firm’s earnings and costs. The total economic result of international business transactions in the firm takes account of all cross-border inflow and outflow of cash. Modern firms participate in industrial value chains that tend to cross national borders intensively. The firm’s value chain activity exercised in a certain country serves as an appropriate unit of analysis in multinational firms' decision-making. The combination of such analytical units as firm, industry with its value chain, country and modes of foreign and cross-border operations is at the heart of the book's structure.