IGNOU ONR 002 Basics of Hydrology | Guess Paper | Important Question Answer |Bachelor's (Honours) Commerce - Best IGNOU exam preparation book  (Paperback, BMA Publication)

Introduction to Hydrology: Understanding the scope and significance of hydrology as a scientific discipline. Exploring the role of hydrology in understanding water resources, environmental processes, and water-related hazards. Water Cycle: Studying the components and processes of the hydrological cycle, including precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, infiltration, runoff, and groundwater recharge. Understanding the interconnectedness of various hydrological processes in the movement of water through the Earth's system. Hydrological Measurements and Data Collection: Learning techniques for measuring and monitoring hydrological variables such as precipitation, streamflow, groundwater levels, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration. Understanding the principles of hydrological instrumentation and data collection methods. Surface Water Hydrology: Exploring the principles of surface water hydrology, including streamflow generation, flow routing, and hydrograph analysis. Studying factors influencing streamflow variability, such as watershed characteristics, land use changes, and climate variability. Groundwater Hydrology: Understanding the behavior and dynamics of groundwater systems, including aquifer properties, groundwater flow, and groundwater-surface water interactions. Exploring methods for groundwater exploration, well hydraulics, and groundwater contamination. Hydrological Modeling: Introducing hydrological modeling techniques for simulating and predicting water movement and distribution in natural and engineered systems. Learning how to use hydrological models for watershed management, flood forecasting, and water resources planning. Water Quality and Pollution: Studying the principles of water quality assessment and management. Exploring sources and types of water pollution, water quality standards and regulations, and techniques for water quality monitoring and remediation. Hydrological Processes in Urban Environments: Understanding the impact of urbanization on hydrological processes and water resources. Exploring topics such as urban runoff, stormwater management, green infrastructure, and urban flood risk. Hydrology and Climate Change: Exploring the implications of climate change on hydrological processes and water resources availability. Studying trends in precipitation, temperature, and extreme weather events and their impact on hydrological systems. Water Resources Management: Introducing principles and strategies for sustainable water resources management. Exploring integrated water resources management (IWRM), water allocation, water conservation, and water policy and governance.