Introduction; Unifying features of Archegoniates; Transition to land habit; Alternation of generations; Bryophytes; General characteristics; Adaptations to land habit; Classification; Range of thallus organization; Classification (up to family). Riccia, Marchantia, Pellia, Porella, Anthoceros, Sphagnum and Funaria; Reproduction and evolutionary trends in Riccia, Marchantia , Anthoceros and Funaria; Ecological and economic importance of bryophytes with special reference to Sphagnum; Pteridophytes; General characteristics; Classification; Early land plants (Cooksonia and Rhynia); Classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy; Reproduction of Psilotum, Selaginella, Equisetum and Pteris; Apogamy and Apospory; Heterospory and seed habit, telome theory, stelar evolution; Ecological and economic importance; Gymnosperms; General characteristics; Classification (up to family); Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Cycas, Pinus and Gnetum; Ecological and economic importance.